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  • Men are examining some of the horses exhibited and traded during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_10.JPG
  • Men are examining the teeth of some horses exhibited and traded during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_24.JPG
  • A boy is selling Indian sweets while walking among horses exhibited and traded during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_18.JPG
  • For entertainment, a crowd is observing stuntmen driving motorbikes in a pit, during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_26.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are crossing a shallow section of the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_11.JPG
  • A small monkey, chained by the neck, is being exhibited during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_34.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are leaving the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_23.JPG
  • A crowd is looking at a horse race organised during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_19.JPG
  • A Hindu devotee is drying her sari after having bathed in the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_17.JPG
  • After bathing, Hindu devotees are taking a break on a ghat (riverside) along the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_02.JPG
  • A drunk Indian man is having an argument in front of a group of young women performing on stage at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_39.JPG
  • Two young women are standing backstage before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_37.JPG
  • Men are queuing up  to enter one of the regular night dance shows set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_35.JPG
  • A young woman (right) is applying makeup before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India. Her husband is cooking while their son is sitting in the small room where they reside for the duration of the Mela.
    Sonepur_Mela_31.JPG
  • Young women are applying makeup before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_29.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are about to bath in the holy Ganges River, while an elephant and his handler are saluting the rising sun during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_21.JPG
  • Chained Dalmatians dogs and other puppies in poor health conditions are on sale during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_20.JPG
  • An elephant is being washed by its owners on a ghat (riverside) of the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_16.JPG
  • After bathing and religious rituals, a Hindu mother and her daughter are walking out of the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_15.JPG
  • A father with his daughter on his shoulder are walking through a crowd of Hindu devotees near a bathing ghat (riverside) on the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_13.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are walking on the long bridge crossing the Holy Ganges River, during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_01.JPG
  • Young women are standing on stage while performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_38.JPG
  • A young woman is applying makeup before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_33.JPG
  • Two young men are hugging while spending a day at the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_27.JPG
  • A crowd is observing a keen horseman inciting his stallion, during a race organised at the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_25.JPG
  • A young girl is carrying as much hay as she can hold during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_22.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are walking through a makeshift market near a bathing ghat (riverside) on the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_14.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are leaving the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_09.JPG
  • A crowd is observing an elegantly decorated elephant on sale during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_06.JPG
  • Young women are standing on stage while performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_04.JPG
  • A chained Saint Bernard dog in extremely poor health conditions is on sale during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_03.JPG
  • Next to her husband lying on a bed, a young woman (right) is getting dressed before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_36.JPG
  • A young woman performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India, is sitting in the small room where she resides with her husband and son (right) for the duration of the Mela.
    Sonepur_Mela_32.JPG
  • A boy is standing, hands on his head, among a crowd of Hindu devotees near a bathing ghat (riverside) on the holy Ganges River during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_12.JPG
  • Elephants traders are sitting next to their animals on sale during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_08.JPG
  • Hindu devotees are about to bath in the holy Ganges River, while a boatman await for customers during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_07.JPG
  • Young women are standing on stage while performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_05.JPG
  • A young woman is applying makeup before performing at one of the regular night dance shows being set up during the yearly Sonepur Mela, Asia's largest cattle market, in Bihar, India.
    Sonepur_Mela_30.JPG
  • Labourers are producing glass bracelets used as women's ornaments during and after marriage, which are traded throughout India and internationally. After a major clean-up by the authorities in the industrial area of Firozabad, renowned as the 'glass city', in  Uttar Pradesh, northern India, child labour has been largely uprooted, but it continues unabated hidden inside the homes of  slum dwellers on the outskirts of the city. Due to extreme poverty, over 20.000 young children are employed to complete the bracelets produced in the industrial units. This area is considered to be one of the highest concentrations of child labour on the planet. Forced to work to support their disadvantaged families, children as young as five are paid between 30-40 Indian Rupees (approx. 0.50 EUR) for eight or more hours of work daily. Most of these children are not able to receive an education and are easily prey of the labour-poverty cycle which has already enslaved their families to a life of exploitation. Children have to sit in crouched positions, use solvents, glues, kerosene and various other dangerous materials while breathing toxic fumes and spending most time of the day in dark, harmful environments. As for India's Child Labour Act of 1986, children under 14 are banned from working in industries deemed 'hazardous' but the rules are widely flouted, and prosecutions, when they happen at all, get bogged down in courts for lengthy periods. A ban on child labour without creating alternative opportunities for the local population is the central problem to the Indian Government's approach to the social issue affecting over 50 million children nationwide.
    Hidden_Youth_01.jpg
  • A young man is walking near an old Portuguese house in Claudio Corallo's Nova Moca plantation, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    081_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A local festival called ‘Tragedy’ is taking place in the village of Santo Amaro on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    070_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Children living in Roça Ribeira Funda are making and playing with wood carts, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    062_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Claudio Corallo is showing a handful of cocoa drying on a wood desiccator in the technical area of his plantation on the island of Principe, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    055_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A woman is walking on the road leading to Pico Maria Fernandes, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    052_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A fisherman is rowing on his boat near the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    013_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • The priest of the local evangelical church ‘Assembly of God’ is talking to people attending Sunday morning mass on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    007_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • People are visiting the market in Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    32_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Two boys, controlled by a guard, are looking for impure gold in the last step of the extraction in an artisanal processing site near Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    22_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A worker is manually crushing raw stones containing gold, and other metals like lead, in an artisanal gold processing site near Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    21_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Doctors at Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are trying to reanimate Marhazu Sa'adu, 9 days old, a child suffering from blood lead level of 49.6 micrograms per decilitre, tetanus and septicaemia, inside the MSF clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Marhazu passed away within the day. The MSF facility handles serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    16_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A young boy is walking on the hilltop surrounding the tannery area of Jajmau,<br />
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, located on the most polluted stretch of the mighty Ganges River.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_01.JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A young worker is standing in the artisanal gold processing site of the village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Workers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portrai...JPG
  • Boxes containing bracelets are photographed at a local street market in Firozabad, renowned as the 'glass city', Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Due to extreme poverty, over 20.000 young children are employed to complete the bracelets produced in the industrial units. This area is considered to be one of the highest concentrations of child labour on the planet. Forced to work to support their disadvantaged families, children as young as five are paid between 30-40 Indian Rupees (approx. 0.50 EUR) for eight or more hours of work daily. Most of these children are not able to receive an education and are easily prey of the labour-poverty cycle which has already enslaved their families to a life of exploitation. Children have to sit in crouched positions, use solvents, glues, kerosene and various other dangerous materials while breathing toxic fumes and spending most time of the day in dark, harmful environments. As for India's Child Labour Act of 1986, children under 14 are banned from working in industries deemed 'hazardous' but the rules are widely flouted, and prosecutions, when they happen at all, get bogged down in courts for lengthy periods. A ban on child labour without creating alternative opportunities for the local population is the central problem to the Indian Government's approach to the social issue affecting over 50 million children nationwide.
    Hidden_Youth_35.jpg
  • A family home in the slum surrounding Firozabad, renowned as the 'glass city', in Uttar Pradesh, northern India, has been transformed into a small-scale workshop where young girls are decorating the bracelets produced in factories nearby. Due to extreme poverty, over 20.000 young children are employed to complete the bracelets produced in the industrial units. This area is considered to be one of the highest concentrations of child labour on the planet. Forced to work to support their disadvantaged families, children as young as five are paid between 30-40 Indian Rupees (approx. 0.50 EUR) for eight or more hours of work daily. Most of these children are not able to receive an education and are easily prey of the labour-poverty cycle which has already enslaved their families to a life of exploitation. Children have to sit in crouched positions, use solvents, glues, kerosene and various other dangerous materials while breathing toxic fumes and spending most time of the day in dark, harmful environments. As for India's Child Labour Act of 1986, children under 14 are banned from working in industries deemed 'hazardous' but the rules are widely flouted, and prosecutions, when they happen at all, get bogged down in courts for lengthy periods. A ban on child labour without creating alternative opportunities for the local population is the central problem to the Indian Government's approach to the social issue affecting over 50 million children nationwide.
    Hidden_Youth_06.jpg
  • A fisherman is rowing on his boat near the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    Stories_Portfolio_048.JPG
  • In the evening Claudio Corallo rests in his house and plantation on the island of Principe, in Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    Stories_Portfolio_044.JPG
  • An unlicensed miner is digging a new pit to extract ore containing gold, to be sold and processed in artisanal sites near Dareta village, Zamfara State, Nigeria. On October 28, 2011, in this very same mining site, four workers died buried under the ground when a pit suddenly collapsed. The lead contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Stories_Portfolio_033.JPG
  • Claudio Corallo is following production orders of coffee and chocolate in his laboratory on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    084_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Workers are selecting raisins that Claudio Corallo uses for his varieties of chocolates with alcoholic distillates, while in his laboratory on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    082_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A worker is picking fresh coffee beans in the Nova Moca plantation of Claudio Corallo, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    080_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A local festival called ‘Tragedy’ is taking place in the village of Santo Amaro on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    069_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Children are playing inside the old hospital of Roça Agostinho Neto, where they now live with their families, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    065_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Fishermen are working near the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    060_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • The chocolate produced by Claudio Corallo is being spread on a tray in his laboratory on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    056_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A man is wearing a Barack Obama t-shirt while standing around a fish market in Praia Cruz, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    046_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A worker is turning cocoa beans brewing in the technical area of the Claudio Corallo’s plantation on the island of Principe, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    037_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Youngsters are diving into the sea near Claudio Corallo’s home on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    032_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Claudio Corallo is looking after one of the groups of tourists that every week visit his laboratory to taste his amazing products, and to learn more about his unique types of coffee and chocolate, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    023_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • The island of Principe is being overflown by a small plane that connects it with Sao Tome, in Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    018_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A girl is standing by near her home in Roça Agua Ize', on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    008_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A local festival called ‘Tragedy’ is taking place in the village of Santo Amaro on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    006_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • A worker is selecting toasted cocoa, during the last process before it becomes chocolate, in the technical area of Claudio Corallo's Nova Moca plantation, on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe, (STP) a former Portuguese colony in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
    005_King_of_Chocolate_Corallo.JPG
  • Boys are wandering around Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    48_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Workers are manually crushing raw stones containing gold, and other metals like lead, in an artisanal gold processing site near Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    46_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Men are preparing Halal meat in Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    42_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A guard, a middlemen and two young workers are inspecting the gold retrieved on behalf of a gold trader, (in green) in an artisanal gold processing site near Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    24_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Women with their children are sitting on the floor of the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    15_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Children playing on ore dust containing gold, and other metals like lead, in an artisanal processing site near Abare, a village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    09_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • An unlicensed miner is digging a new pit to extract ore containing gold, to be sold and processed in artisanal sites near Dareta village, Zamfara State, Nigeria. On October 28, 2011, in this very same mining site, four workers died buried under the ground when a pit suddenly collapsed. The lead contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    02_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A group of slum dwellers on the hills surrounding the tannery area of Jajmau are busy collecting fresh water being provided to the colony daily by the government in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The inhabitants are complaining that too little water is provided for the large population of the area, while in case of power cuts, a very common event in Kanpur, the pumping station can shut down completely for days at the time. Rows and arguments over water collection here are an unfortunate daily reality.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_41.JPG
  • A young girl from Joana, pop. 1800, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, is standing in front of her house. The inhabitants of the village are affected by the wastewater originated from the nearby Jajmau Industrial Area, the largest leather producing hub in India, discharging directly into the holy Ganges River.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_40.JPG
  • A young woman is covering her eyes during a sandstorm, in the heavily polluted city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, the largest leather production hub in India.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_38.JPG
  • Labourers are collecting and dividing the thin black dust obtained by boiling leather scraps in one of the many dumping and burning grounds near the tannery area of Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. This dust is the first process to fertilisers and chicken food.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_28.JPG
  • A worker in one of the tannery units within the industrial area of Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, is pulling a large piece of leather from a chromium bath, where the skin has had hair and impurities removed in a process called liming, to be dried outside the factory.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_17.JPG
  • Workers in one of the larger tanneries within the Jajmau Industrial Area, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, are stockpiling pieces of leather while trimming impurities and scraps before proceeding to colouring and finishing.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_16.JPG
  • Workers in one of the large tanneries located in Jajmau area of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, are processing leather in chromium baths, or liming, while complying to little, if any, health and safety regulations.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_14.JPG
  • An elder and a young boy are using their bare hands to collect skins from a bath of contaminated water during the process of liming, removing hair and impurities with the use of various agents, in an illegal tannery unit located within the industrial area of Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_12.JPG
  • A young boy is removing contaminated water from a bath after the process of liming, the removal of hair and impurities with the use of water and various agents, in an illegal tannery unit inside Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Children are largely employed to work on scraps, or little pieces of skin, like the head and the ears of the animal, which will become a small bag, a wallet, or maybe a cheap phone leather case.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_10.JPG
  • A young boy is collecting skins from a bath during the process of liming, the removal of hair and impurities with the use of water and various agents, in an illegal tannery unit inside Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Children are largely employed to work on scraps, or little pieces of skin, like the head and the ears of the animal, which will become a small bag, a wallet, or maybe a cheap phone leather case.
    Kanpur_Leather_Industry_08.JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A girl is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A boy is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A girl is standing inside the affected village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria, next to a large artisanal gold processing site. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles, released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Villagers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portr...JPG
  • A young worker is standing in the artisanal gold processing site of the village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Workers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portrai...JPG
  • A young worker is standing in the artisanal gold processing site of the village of Bagega, pop. 9000, Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lead contamination in the area is caused by ingestion and breathing of particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities.
    Young_Workers_Bagega_Zamfara_Portrai...JPG
  • A man is transporting unfinished glass bracelets from a house to another one on the road connecting two sections of the slum surrounding Firozabad, renowned as the 'glass city', in Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Due to extreme poverty, over 20.000 young children are employed to complete the bracelets produced in the industrial units. This area is considered to be one of the highest concentrations of child labour on the planet. Forced to work to support their disadvantaged families, children as young as five are paid between 30-40 Indian Rupees (approx. 0.50 EUR) for eight or more hours of work daily. Most of these children are not able to receive an education and are easily prey of the labour-poverty cycle which has already enslaved their families to a life of exploitation. Children have to sit in crouched positions, use solvents, glues, kerosene and various other dangerous materials while breathing toxic fumes and spending most time of the day in dark, harmful environments. As for India's Child Labour Act of 1986, children under 14 are banned from working in industries deemed 'hazardous' but the rules are widely flouted, and prosecutions, when they happen at all, get bogged down in courts for lengthy periods. A ban on child labour without creating alternative opportunities for the local population is the central problem to the Indian Government's approach to the social issue affecting over 50 million children nationwide.
    Hidden_Youth_32.jpg
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