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  • A soldier living in an underground bunker near the trenches is cleaning up his rifle at night, on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_010.JPG
  • ‘Master’ and his team are setting up to launch an unmanned surveillance aircraft (drone), being used in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_004.JPG
  • The 4x4 vehicle used by volunteer drone pilots during their trips to the frontline, is travelling back from the field where they test their quadcopters, back to Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_023.JPG
  • ‘Master’ and his team are setting up signal transmission poles for the unmanned surveillance aircraft (drone) they are about to launch, being used in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_014.JPG
  • In the morning, two soldiers are cleaning up their rifles next to trenches on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_016.JPG
  • In the early morning, a soldier is exercising (left) while others are sitting around a table discussing the enemy’s movements on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_020.JPG
  • A boy holding roses is standing curious alongside Ukrainian patriots, military men and members of the clergy while attending a ceremony to commemorate recently killed soldiers during the Donbas war, in Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_026.JPG
  • In the early morning, soldiers are sitting around a table discussing the enemy’s movements on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_018.JPG
  • A soldier living in an underground bunker near the trenches is listening to radio communications on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_013.JPG
  • A soldier is discussing the morning’s enemy movements while standing in the trenches on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_003.JPG
  • ‘Master’ is about to launch an unmanned surveillance aircraft, (drone) being used by his team in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_005.JPG
  • Members of the clergy, military men and Ukrainian patriots wearing the nation’s flag are attending a ceremony to commemorate recently killed soldiers during the Donbas war, in Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_006.JPG
  • A soldier using binoculars is watching over the frontline in Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_001.JPG
  • Soldiers have set up what they call ‘Infinity Soldier’, a gorilla-faced mannequin posing as one of them in a field, next to the trenches on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_008.JPG
  • Members of the clergy, military men and Ukrainian patriots wearing the nation’s flag, are attending a ceremony to commemorate recently killed soldiers during the Donbas war, in Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_027.JPG
  • Soldiers are relaxing and watching over a mobile phone while next to their positions on the trenches in Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_024.JPG
  • A drone pilot is testing his quadcopter in a field near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_019.JPG
  • Alex Koekzenko, working with volunteer organization Victory Sisters, is landing an unmanned surveillance aircraft, (drone) being used in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_021.JPG
  • Alex Koekzenko, working with volunteer organization Victory Sisters, is recovering a landed unmanned surveillance aircraft, (drone) being used in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_007.JPG
  • The coffin of a dead soldier returning to his family, is being recovered during the night from a morgue in Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_011.JPG
  • A Ukrainian man is fishing in a pond while crouching next to his Lada car, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_025.JPG
  • ‘Master’ is about to launch an unmanned surveillance aircraft, (drone) being used by his team in collaboration with the Ukrainian army and patriotic volunteers’ groups, to collect visual information over pro-Russia separatists’ positions, in an undisclosed location near the village of Berdyans'ke, 2 km from the frontline town Shyrokine, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_022.JPG
  • Soldiers are standing guard at night, while listening to the enemy’s shelling, ready to run for cover in the trenches if being targeted, on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_012.JPG
  • Soldiers are shooting with an automatic mini-grenade launcher towards the position of four men, seen trying to remove a line of anti-tank mines positioned by the Ukrainians on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_002.JPG
  • A patch on the arm of a volunteer drone pilot is saying: ‘Freedom of Death’, in Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_017.JPG
  • A soldier using binoculars is watching over the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_015.JPG
  • Soldiers near trenches are standing guard at night, while listening to the enemy’s shelling, ready to run for cover if being targeted, on the frontline of Hranitne, near Mariupol, southeast Ukraine.
    Ukraine_Drones_War_009.JPG
  • Doctors at Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are trying to reanimate Marhazu Sa'adu, 9 days old, a child suffering from blood lead level of 49.6 micrograms per decilitre, tetanus and septicaemia, inside the MSF clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Marhazu passed away within the day. The MSF facility handles serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    16_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Women with their children are sitting on the floor of the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    15_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Women with their children are sitting on the floor of the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    Stories_Portfolio_039.JPG
  • A mother is sitting with her children inside the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    17_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A young mother, Asnya Surajo , 25, is holding her daughter, Naimaatu Surajo, 4, a girl suffering from permanent brain damage and blindness, in Abare, a village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Asnya lost six children: two miscarriages, and four while very young. Only her daughter Surajo was saved, but she survives as a suffering victim of lead pollution in the area. It is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. Nearby, in Anka, doctors from Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are treating serious cases of lead poisoning, referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    Stories_Portfolio_038.JPG
  • Lukman Maigoro, 6, (right) a young boy suffering from blindness, is having breakfast with two of his siblings in Bagega, pop. 9000, a large village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. At the age of 4, Lukman became blind due to lead poisoning. He was cured at the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    11_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Doctors at Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are trying to reanimate Marhazu Sa'adu, 9 days old, a child suffering from blood lead level of 49.6 micrograms per decilitre, tetanus and septicaemia, inside the MSF clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Marhazu passed away within the day. The MSF facility handles serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    Stories_Portfolio_040.JPG
  • A young mother, Asnya Surajo , 25, is holding her daughter, Naimaatu Surajo, 4, a girl suffering from permanent brain damage and blindness, in Abare, a village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Asnya lost six children: two miscarriages, and four while very young. Only her daughter Surajo was saved, but she survives as a suffering victim of lead pollution in the area. It is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. Nearby, in Anka, doctors from Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are treating serious cases of lead poisoning, referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 micro-g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, fostered by the ever-rising price of gold.
    14_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_04.JPG
  • A green, purple and blue aurora borealis (northern light) is manifesting above the Russian coal mining community of Barentsburg, in the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard.
    Barentsburg_Svalbard_Russian_08.JPG
  • Doctors at M√©decins Sans Fronti√®res (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are trying to reanimate Marhazu Sa'adu, 9 days old, a child suffering from blood lead level of 49.6 micrograms per decilitre, tetanus and septicaemia, inside the MSF clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Marhazu passed away within the day. The MSF facility handles serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 ?g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, alimented by the ever-rising price of gold.
    39_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Women with their children are sitting on the floor of the MÈdecins Sans FrontiËres (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) clinic in Anka, Zamfara State, Nigeria, handling serious cases of lead poisoning referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. It is mainly caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 ?g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, alimented by the ever-rising price of gold.
    38_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Mohammed Surajo, 30, is holding his only daughter, Naimaatu Surajo, 4, a girl suffering from permanent brain damage and blindness, in Abare, a village affected by lead poisoning due to the unsafe techniques employed for extracting gold, in Zamfara State, Nigeria. His wife Asnya lost six children: two miscarriages, and four while very young. Only her daughter Surajo was saved, but she survives as a suffering victim of lead pollution in the area. It is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. Nearby, in Anka, doctors from M√©decins Sans Fronti√®res (MSF - Doctors Without Borders) are treating serious cases of lead poisoning, referred to them by local clinics in the surrounding villages. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 ?g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, alimented by the ever-rising price of gold.
    37_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • Ibrahim Abubakar, 22, a man working in artisanal gold processing and mining, is holding his daughter, Fatima Abubakar, 1 year and 9 months. Ibrahim lost a two-yeal-old daughter Abdelmajid Abubakar, to lead poisoning, when he lived in a contaminated cluster of houses where 8 children died in a two-year spam. Fatima is healthy, as the families living in this heavily contaminated compound joined together and remediated the soil by removing tainted soil and replacing it. Many villagers in Zamfara state now claim to be working in agriculture, and to have nothing to do with gold, mainly because the health crisis that emerged. Given the lucrative option, locals believe that most people in the area are, in some way, involved in the gold business. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 ?g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, alimented by the ever-rising price of gold.
    36_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • The greek words 'Ou Phrontis' ('Who cares?') are inscripted above the door of the former home of T. E. Lawrence, ("Lawrence of Arabia") Clouds Hill, near Wool, Dorset, southwest England.
    Coulds_Hill_Lawrence_Dorset_UK_12.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_05.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_03.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_02.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_01.JPG
  • Ibrahim Abubakar, 22, a man working in artisanal gold processing and mining, lost his two-yeal-old daughter Abdelmajid Abubakar, to lead poisoning, when he lived in a contaminated cluster of houses where 8 children died in a two-year spam. He has now another daughter, Fatima Abubakar, 1 year and 9 months. She is healthy, as the families living in this heavily contaminated compound joined together and remediated the soil by removing tainted soil and replacing it. Many villagers in Zamfara state now claim to be working in agriculture, and to have nothing to do with gold, mainly because the health crisis that emerged. Given the lucrative option, locals believe that most people in the area are, in some way, involved in the gold business. The contamination is caused by ingestion and breathing of lead particles released in the steps to isolate the gold from other metals. This type of lead is soluble in stomach acid and children under-5 are most affected, as they tend to ingest more through their hands by touching the ground, and are developing symptoms often leading to death or serious disabilities. The treatment with MSF starts when blood lead level (BLL) samples reach 45 micrograms per decilitre. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 5 ?g/dL or above is a cause for concern. The cycle of medicines lasts for 20 days. After that, the child's blood is tested and a new round of treatment is provided. Treatment can last years, as lead is reduced in the blood, but it persists noticeably within the bones, especially if the patients return to the same polluted environment. Remediation of the affected villages, a campaign of awareness, and the introduction of safer mining techniques are pivotal to the long-term solution of a hazardous trend that has already killed over 460 children, and it is bound to grow in size, alimented by the ever-rising price of gold.
    35_Zamfara_Gold_Lead.JPG
  • A woman is running inside Franklin Canyon Park, standing on a hill above Los Angeles looking towards Beverly Hills, California, USA.
    Los_Angeles_Bling_Ring_15.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_06.JPG
  • A section of the city of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is photographed from a helicopter flying above the city.
    Kabul_From_The_Sky_07.JPG
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